OK, Potted history lesson. Richard Stalllman was working on an OS called Hurd and the code he was writing was GNU (= GNU is Not Unix) and was trying to develop a kernel. Linus had been working on something called Minix and created a kernel that made GNU work. The Linux Kernel in respect of Computer Operating Systems that use it, needs GNU in order for it to work, so no GNU, no LInux. Linus is for Open Source, Stallman is for Free Software which means free of all proprietary blobs that may be needed for certain hardware to work that was made for that other OS. Next up we come up with the main software houses, Red Hat and Debian - these are the two main differences in GNU/Linux as Red Hat uses .rpm (redhat package manager) and Debian uses .deb pkg manager on which Ubuntu is based. Red Hat is an Enterprise Software House and is found on a lot of Servers and it is costly to purchase. Main distributions either charge or allow approved free alternatives such as 'Community Driven' forks of the two main types. Red Hat's community edition is 'Fedora'. Debian is in some contexts both a business and a community. Next up we have the Desktop Environments - basically the 'front end' of a distribution and this is where it could be argued it gets messy. Initially, the two prominent 'mainstream' Desktop Environments were Gnome and Konqueror (KDE). Gnome was noted for it's 'pure' GNU/Linux look, with the main taskbar at the top of the screen, with the bottom panel/taskbar simply showing the workspace indicator and something else which alludes me. KDE on the other hand had a more Windows-centric feel to it, with it's panel/taskbar at the bottom with a taskbar that was similar to Windows. So a lot of migrations to GNU/Linux from Windows, including myself, was to gravitate towards distributions with a KDE desktop. For sighted people KDE does look nice but sadly its accessibility elements have always been limited compared to Gnome's. Rather tellingly, Red Hat and Debian are American. Red Hat gets its name from a Red Fedora which main characters in the organisation wear. Debian has a romantic story about it. The Debian system was devised by Ian Woods who met his intended (Debbie) in a Coffee bar (sadly Ian died a few years back, a sad loss to the GNU/Linux wider community) which provided us with the name of Debian - a marriage between Deb and Ian.
Now Debian has for sometime always maintained a 'Nix type installation interface which looks like a coloured DOS terminal and could be off-putting for new users - that has changed. Now in addition to the two main Desktop Environments that have dominated the GNU/Linux scene for many years there is LXDE (Light X Desktop Environment - X being the element of GNU/Linux that controls what you see on screen. So if at boot time you can't get to the login screen you could try Ctrl+ Alt+ F2 to get to a terminal login and once you had entered your user name and password you could then type 'startx' to bring up the desktop. Then there is Xfce which used to be XFce (XForms common enviornment) but after a couple of rewrites, it doesn't use the Xforms toolkit any more, so now it is just Xfce. Then we have other Desktop Environments, Cairo Dock DE, Cinnamon DE, and MATE oh and nearly forgot one more, Enlightenment - not to be confused with Buddhist doctrine! And thereby lies another problem faced by the Gnome DE - it's symbol is a human foot - something frowned upon by Buddhists as it is the lowest part of the body. On the European front, the main players are SuSE from Germany. In France we had Mandrake which is what I was advised to learn on, which I did. Mandrake grew and merged with a Brasilian GNU/Linux company, Connectiva, and Mandriva was born. Sadly in an attempt to save money as finances at Mandriva were getting into trouble, what did they do? They fired Gael Duval, its founder and developer of Mandrake - he now runs his own company Ulteo which promotes the best of Windows and GNU/Linux so that you can have a Windows and GNU/Linux servers hosting the best apps for Enterprise and others to have access to. He is also promoting E - an alternative to Android for pure privacy - I would love to install it on my One Plus 3T but fear I might brick it - Mobile phones are one area that I have not messed with.
Going back stateside, there was a company called Lindows which was taken to court by Microsoft as being to close to sounding like Windows and M$ lost the case. Subsequently the name was transferred to Microsoft while the money won from M$ was used to promote Lindows OS replaement, Linspire. I never purchased a copy but used the community edition, Freespire. It was using 'apt' to install packages which was the backend to C'N'R (Click 'N' Run) - basically it just installed a package with all dependencies so that you were not having to use something like Synaptic which asks you to install a load of other stuff needed to run the app - it was an attempt to create the equivalent of Windows Programs and Features. It was just getting very polished when Michael Robertson, the founder of Linspire, sold it off (controversially without a shareholders meeting approval) to XandrOS (XandrOS was founded by people who were no longer working for MS Office's main rival back in the day that gave us Word Perfect.) So how it all began with myself. An IT Technician, and former student of where I currently work, gave me a copy of Knoppix (a free German OS software) which I used for Data Recovery on student's notebooks if Windows crashed - but it was beaten hands down by Freespire once when Knoppix could not pickup both the micro-usb floppy and the DVD-ROM on a Dell Latitude - what did blow me away with Knoppix was a female voice stating "All systems initiated". And the main game attraction then which you could play solo or on the internet in live mode was Frozen Bubble. So then it was Mandrake, a purchase of Vector Linux (with Enlightenment - you'd get wallpaper with moving elements in it - A British OS if I'm not mistaken, a purchase of SuSE Linux 9.3 Professional which came on numerous DVD's giving you the choice of either a KDE install or a Gnome install, PCLinuxOS 2007 (another distro that ditched its founding father after he had taken an agreed 12 month sabbatical - shame on them), Lycoris (wish I'd bought the gamepak for that - the car racing game looked stunning - Lycoris was swallowed up by Mandrake), Sabayon (Gentoo based) - my favourite rendition of this distro was 3.6f - I think it's at 18 or more now with different flavoured desktops but the main one at the time was KDE (I think but happy to be shot down!), Musix (from Argentina), AVLinux from America - this was a unique amalgamation of Software that was aimed fair and square at musicians - it even included muscial score generating software that could be printed to an HP printer in Live Mode! One of my favourite splash screens at boot time was the Brasilian OS Epidemic - Imagine all those Windows users at work waking up to see a glowing hazchem symbol with the throbbing word of 'Epidemic' - they'd have thought they'd caught a virus!
I've even tried distros created in a non-English interface 'ututo' from Argentina - nice interface. Then in the far east we have Berry Linux. Mustn't forget the late great Dreamlinux, Ubuntu (of course - I don't like how it has now come to think it is more than GNU/Linux when at boot time it 'announces' "Ubuntu with Linux" - more the other way round) this distro is from South Africa and founded (or should that be 'funded'?
) by multi-billionaire first paying citizen to go into space, Mark Shuttleworth, the Steve Jobs of the GNU/Linux world. Vinux, based on Ubuntu specifically designed as a distro for people with Visual Impairments, hence the name, a British distribution which whilst I applaud its aims, was not enamoured with it's use of the 'Eye of Horus' as its logo, which was also used by a now defunct distribution. Now I cannot go without mentioning Ultimate Ubuntu which got into trouble with Canonical and is now known as Ultimate Edition. There used to be a great Oz derivative too. More recent contenders include Elementary OS (which looks pretty but I can't stand it), Makulu Linux, FerenOS, Ubuntu MATE, Deepin, Trisquel - At version 6 this was the first GNU/Linux distro I had ever come across whose first menu option was to launch in live mode with screenreader - that is how it should be done! And finally that brings us to Zorin where I joined at Zorin OS4 and after only a couple of weeks contributing to the forum I found myself in the position of moderator!